Character References

Encoded characters are prefered over references.

“ and ” (Real Quotes): “ and ”
’ (Apostrophie): ’ (‘ is the complement (‘)
… (Elipsis): …
‐ (Real Hyphen): ‐
‑ (Non-Breaking Hyphen): ‑
− (Real Minus Sign): −
– (EN Dash (A range (a "to" substitute))): –
— (EM Dash (Comma like)): —
(No-break Space):  
é (acute e): é
ü (u with diaeresis (umlaut)): ü
‽ (Interobang): ‽
¼, ½, ¾ (Quarters (Vulgar Fractions)): ¼, ½, ¾
⅛, ⅜, ⅝, ⅞; (Eighths (Vulgar Fractions)): ⅛, ⅜, ⅝, ⅞
⅓, ⅔ (Thirds (Vulgar Fractions)): ࡩ, ⅔
⅙, ⅚ (Sixths (Vulgar Fractions)): ⅙, ⅚
⅕, ⅖, ⅗, ⅘ (Fifths (Vulgar Fractions)): ⅕, ⅖, ⅗, ⅘
° (Degrees): °
℉, ℃ (Degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius): ℉, ℃
Ⅰ - Ⅻ (Roman Numerals (first dozen)): Ⅰ - Ⅻ
℅ (Care Of): ℅
฿ (Thai Baht): ฿
₭ (Laos Kip): ₭

XHTML 1.1 and Basic

Real XML applications should start with one of the following headings.

Basic

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en-us">

Full

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en-us">

HTML 4.01

If we have to…

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html lang="en-us">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">

Historic

The notes on tips and CSS (from 2004-06-29) are no longer here because I don't need to cheat (I now understand them) or implementations have caught up with the spec (no need for the hacks).

Contents

Character References

XHTML 1.1 and Basic

HTML 4.01

Historic